A Brief Note On Behaviorism And Its Effect On An Individual

Behaviourism Behaviourism is an approach used to assess animal and human behaviour. It relies on the assumption that the behaviour of an animal or human is the result of history of that particular individual. Indeed, reinforcements and punishments are expected to influence the behaviour of an individual by teaching him how to react or conduct him in a specific situation. The main advantage of the behaviouristic approach is the fact that it relies on observable behaviours. This eventually permits the collection of data from research and hence, it becomes possible to determine whether the behaviouristic approach has a positive impact on an individual. On the long-term, it can be possible to condition an individual by slightly altering the stimuli as well the feedback. In doing so, it is expected that the conditioning will eventually occur. Another advantage of behaviourism would be the possibility to treat children suffering from behavioural disorders. By using the system of feedbacks, the children can be rewarded for their good behaviours and can be punished in the scenarios where they still misbehave. However, various studies have demonstrated that mostly younger children will be responsive to this approach. In the end, the behavioural approach still remains an essential tool for the therapy of children with behavioural disorders. The first disadvantage of behaviourism is that it completely ignores the characteristics of each individual. The human brain is complex and itShow MoreRelatedConceptual And Historical Issues Of Psychology1420 Words   |  6 PagesCONCEPTUAL AND HISTORICAL ISSUES IN PSYCHOLOGY Abstract The often asked question is the relationship between the theories of psychology and its application to human life for instance, individual life, mental life and subjectivity. Presently, efforts by writers to separate the three categories have seen light. 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Furthermore, sexuality is an integral part of our personalities whether we are aware of it or not. Why study human sexuality? This may seem like a rather simple-minded question, but one of the questions that should always be posed beforeRead MoreEssay on Autism Spectrum Disorders4121 Words   |  17 Pagesrepetitive, and stereotyped behavior, interests, and activities† (American Psychiatric Association [DSM-IV-TR], 2000). It is important to note the involvement of the word â€Å"spectrum† as it is used within the broader term Autistic Spectrum Disorders. The reasoning behind this postulation has to do with the fact that autism can affect the daily functioning of individuals very severely, only minimally, and at every point in between those poles on the Autism Continuum. This fact only serves to further highlightRead More Separation Anxiety and Attachment in Infants and Toddlers Essay2897 Words   |  12 Pagesdeterminant of their behavior. 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Soldiers Have Been The Most Significant Part Of An...

Ordinary Soldiers have been the most significant part of an armies’ structure throughout military history. They have not only been essential in the continued development of warfare but have also shown great determination when facing the hardest struggles in combat and an ability to complete their objectives. However, even though the ordinary soldier continues to fight and to carry out his orders, he is put through some of the hardest traumas and hardships that the world has ever seen or known. As a result of this, people question why soldiers continue to risk themselves physically and mentally in the affairs of others. Although soldiers have been put through extreme ordeals in combat throughout military history, the ordinary soldier continues to fight for his sense of duty to his country, his belief in the cause, and his comrades in arms; furthermore, these reasons transformed throughout the centuries, as a result of influences such as military, political, and societal. Even though soldiers are constantly exposed to extreme trauma and ordeal, they still fight for a sense of duty to their state. For example, French troops during the French Revolution fought for their sense of duty to the establishment of a free France. This feeling of responsibility to the state can be seen in Howard’s War In European History when it is said that French troops were fighting as â€Å"free men to defend freedom† (79). Also, a sense of duty to the state can be seen in ordinary French soldiers’

The Crucible By Nicholas Hytner Essay - 2598 Words

The movie I chose to research was the crucible, directed by Nicholas Hytner but written by Arthur Miller. This film starred a young Wynona Ryder along with Daniel day-Lewis and Paul Scofield. Originally released on November 27th 1996, the film was well received even being nominated for an Oscar in 1997, along with 26 additional academy awards that year, sadly it only won 4. Of course a film about witchcraft, an affair, and people being hanged would spark controversy especially since it was rated at pg-13 but nothing major was said about this. On the other hand Rolling stone magazine said â€Å"In the film s most complex role, Day-Lewis performs with quiet power. Playing nobility can make actors insufferable, but Day-Lewis keeps John Proctor human even when saddled with smudgy makeup and fake brown teeth for his final scene.† Giving the film an overall positive review. The film â€Å"The Crucible† opens with a group of young girls and a slave named Tituba dancing around a fire in the woods of Salem, Massachusetts. A man sees the girls dancing; he startles them and they scatter but the 2 youngest girls are scared so much so that they pass out and enter a coma like state. The man we later find out is a reverend, one of the younger girl s father, and the uncle of the ring leader of this dancing party. His daughter Betty was one of the comatose girls. Reverend Parris called in an expert in witchcraft, Reverend Hale, to look at the comatose girls, because he suspected the girls ofShow MoreRelatedThe Crucible By Nicholas Hytner1638 Words   |  7 PagesNicholas Hytner s adaption of Arthur Miller s The Crucible provides an interesting look into the life of the Puritans. The Crucible follows the small town of Salem as they are engulfed in the mass hysteria of witchcraft. 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Director Nicholas Hytner utilizedRead MoreThe Crucible, Directed By Nicholas Hytner Essay2664 Words   |  11 PagesThe movie I chose to research was The Crucible, directed by Nicholas Hytner but written b y Arthur Miller. This film starred a young Wynona Ryder along with Daniel day-Lewis and Paul Scofield. Originally released on November 27th 1996, the film was well received even being nominated for an Oscar in 1997, along with 26 additional academy awards that year, sadly it only won 4. Of course a film about witchcraft, an affair, and people being hanged would spark controversy especially since it was ratedRead Moregood1737 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Despite unnecessary changes to plot and some flawed character portrayals, Nicholas Hytner’s 1996 film adaptation of Arthur Miller’s 1953 play, The Crucible, is overall a viable adaptation of Miller’s original work. 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Characterization in the play and inRead MoreComparison Of The Movie The Crucible827 Words   |  4 PagesThe Crucible, a movie directed by Nicholas Hytner, was critically acclaimed and earned several awards. It received an Academy Award nomination for best screenplay based on material previously produced or published, a BAFTA award for best-adapted screenplay, and Golden Globe awards for supporting actor and actress in a motion picture. In Empire’s review, they say, â€Å"In this almost perfect screen adaptation, the lingering question is the most important one: what caused such madness?† This movie adaptationRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1314 Words   |  6 Pages Based off of the play written by Arthur Miller, The Crucible is based on the true story about the Salem Witch Trials which were held in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692. 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It was directed by Nicholas Hytner and was Based on the witch hunt which surrounded Massachusetts

Leadership for Concepts and Practice- MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theLeadership for Concepts and Practice. Answer: Introduction The research and development of a personal philosophy of leadership deeply intrigues me. Leadership is a powerful aspect that can represent the bad or good in a person. When I think of leadership, I think of the people in my life who have accomplished a great deal to help others is a good thing. I do not feel that I have accomplished the leadership status, in a sense of people who are following or looking up to me. I believe that leadership comes over time; It comes by recovering the mistakes you commit while making things better. When I think about all the leaders in the world, I noticed that all of them have their own values and ways of accomplishing greatness in their life. It is essential to have my own personal beliefs and values before becoming a leader to others. Strong leadership and leadership skills are a critical part of progress, achievement and growth for personal, team and organizational effectiveness. Core leadership values such as excellence, collaboration, self-respe ct, competency, creativity, wisdom, honesty and integrity resonate within me that is responsible for guiding the path I take in my current role as well as in the continuation of my leadership journey. I strive to keep these values as part of both my personal and professional life while continually reviewing and updating them in that journey. They form the foundation of my personal leadership development as well as an informal leader and as a member of a team. I truly believe John Maxwell. He stated, "To add value to others, one must first value others" (Inc.com). In this paper, I will discuss my personal leadership philosophy in details while explaining ways I dealt with decision making and challenges. Leadership and Values In analysing the idea of what leadership is, I tried to evaluate what was most important to me in becoming a leader. I asked myself, what shapes a vision? What are the qualities that comprise a leader?Leadership according to Northouse (2015), is a complex, multidimensional process that is often conceptualized in a variety of ways by different people. Some of the most common ways of looking at leadership are as a trait, as an ability, as a skill, as a behavior, as a relationship, and as a process. The way you think about leadership will influence the way you practice leadership (p.10). A self reflection is Following is the definition of leadership i.e. being generated from my thoughtful reflection of the leadership of the organization: Leadership is not about a title. It is simply about more than having followers; and it is not achieved by just following a few principles. Leadership is a complex at its core and it is having the courage to make the right choices not just the popular ones, engaging others in a vision, and empowering followers to pursue a shared purpose of achieving a positive, lasting impact on the individuals associated with it. Perhaps the most important step in becoming an effective leader is to understand and determine ones core values. Human needs are an important part of human nature. Values, beliefs and customs differ from country to country and group to group, but all people have similar needs. A leader must understand these needs because they are powerful motivators. The Maslows Hierarchy of Needs (1996), explains that once people who have their basic needs met, become much better workers. They are able to concentrate on fulfilling the visions put forth to them, instead of consistently worrying about how to make ends meet. Honesty, integrity and self-respect are considered as vital aspects towards self-management and self-leadership. People who adhere to a strong set of principles and take responsibility for their actions are exhibiting integrity. Leaders with integrity inspire confidence in others because they can be trusted to do what they say they are going to do(Northouse p. 26). According to me, honesty in personal growth and self leadership reflects the performance of the employees as well as leaders and continually. If objectively this process is repeated then necessary changes can be made. Holding integrity as a core value means making sure that every inward reflection and outward interaction as a leader or team member incorporates a comparison with established personal values. In this context, honesty and integrity contribute to the development of self-respect, which is important for sustained credibility, influence and growth in leadership. Leadership Assumptions and Experiences Assumptions are thoughts generated unconsciously or naturally (Duplass Ziedler,2002) and they are used as simplified ways to support decisions made on a daily basis (Ruggiero,2004, p. 94-95). There is a list of assumptions for my personal philosophy development, that include the following aspects. Leadership opportunities are open to all levels within an organization or team. It is also practiced in an informal or unassigned leadership form, from the middle that can have a very positive impact on teams and outcomes. Values are given back to the growth of the profession while providing back to profession. My skill sets and knowledge may change and expand over time, but the core professional skill set I possess will not change. Another assumption I believe in, is that leadership competencies can be learned and developed whereas some may think individuals may appear to be born leaders. I also, support Douglas Mc Greyors assumption of Theory Y discussed by Northouse (2015), that work is as natural as play and rest. People will exercise self-direction that they are committed to the objectives. I believe that commitment to objectives is the function of the rewards associated with all my achievements. I am capable of using my abilities to solve any organizational problem, and I do have potential. Positive leadership is based on part on openness, honesty, fairness, transparency, equal opportunities and vision. My previous department leader was truly the best leader I have ever reported to. I think I have adopted his charismatic leadership style and at times his transformational style. The charismatic qualities include, being driven, passionate, taking personal risks to achieve the common goal and having high performance expectations. Whereas, the transformational qualities include, always emphasizing cooperation, daily coaching and mentoring of others, articulating a clear and appealing vision and encourage the team to serve others. I remember him best displaying his leadership abilities of easing our fears during a challenging time of the organization restructuring because of the bad economical financial situation of the country. Poor leadership involves poor communication, lack of transparency, favouritism and closed-door style of leadership. I once experienced being under t he leadership who had a laissez-faire attitude in which he visited the office twice a week, called in sick half the time and made no attempts to resolve issues in the office. He just caused harm to the organization, eventually the company closed. Leadership Beliefs According to me, strong personal leadership traits and relationships with subordinates are the key aspects to strong leadership and team growth. From experience, one of the ways to build trust as a leader is to display a good sense of character. Character is the disposition of a person, made up of beliefs, values, skills and traits. I believe that effective leaders envision what they want and how to get it, they habitually pick priorities stemming from their basic values. Leaders should have distinguishing qualities such as forward-looking, competent, fair-minded, courageous and being straightforward. The purpose of the leadership is to improve the ability of the individuals and teams while optimizing work and volunteering processes in order to contribute to excellence in outcomes. The power of a leader keeps the organizations employees engaged and motivated. Leadership is aligned with organizational objectives along with the skills of subordinates and partners with employees while achieving employee, team and organizational objectives. Fiedler has defined leadership as a "process of influencing others for the purpose of performing a shared task" (Fiedler, 1968, p. 362). Implied in, this definition is the idea that one person--the leader--motivates and directs members of the group to reach some shared goal. A strong leadership is therefore important for the effectiveness, performance and relationship of teams. Practicing and modelling core values that encourage others to do the same established respect. Demonstrating trust, reliability and respect contributes to credibility. The leaders actions and goals may not always genuine in nature. Employees, peers and other subordinates have to understand this that sometimes it may not follow the interest of the organization and people. However, consistent following is important, as is the nurtures, support and direct the teams. If a leader does not consistently back up their talk with actions, credibility will be a challenge. As per my understanding, good leaders must genuinely believe in the organization and the people they lead and work with. They must be actively involved in bringing about change that will support that belief. Leaders are affected by their experiences, which can influence their leadership style and actions. However, they can also be influenced or shaped by the environment in their organization and its resources, political and economic scenarios.Leadership behavior is shaped by both internal and external factors. I believe that a leader must possess and cultivate certain traits that make it more likely they will excel. The leader must make the decision to utilize or cultivate those traits to expand their leadership influence. I have made a conscious decision to take on leadership responsibilities from within my team while others on my team prefer to take a more passive follower role. I have taken the decision for a formal leadership role if that becomes something I desire. The combination of my experiences, the skills and qualities I possess or have chosen is to develop and specific decisions and commitments will all contribute to my style and success as a leader. Conclusion It is very important to work in an organization that has the same or very similar values and vision as an individual have. It is the first thing that I look at when choosing to apply or work with an organization. For becoming a great leader, I believe one must have values of integrity, responsibility, humility, an open-mind of diversity/differences, family and love, a charismatic leadership attitude, and communication. My goals and objectives along with organizational goals will help me in becoming a great leader as well as creating values to the organization and self-development. Reference Northouse, P. G. (2015). Introduction to Leadership: Concepts and Practice, 3rd Edition. [Bookshelf Online]. Retrieved from https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781483324166/ The 100 Best Leadership Quotes of All Time. Retrieved from https://www.inc.com/lolly-daskal/the-100-best-leadership-quotes-of-all-time.html Duplass, J. A., Ziedler, D. L. (2002). Critical thinking and logical argument, Social Education, 66(5), 10-14. Retrieved May 30, 2007, from InfoTracOne File. Ruggiero, V. R. (2004). Beyond feelings: A guide to critical thinking (7th ed.) Boston: McGraw Hill. Fiedler, F. E. (1968): Personality and situational determinants of leadership effectiveness. In D. Cartwright and A. Zander (Eds.), Group Dynamics. (3rd Edition.) New York: Harper Row, p. 362-380